I think the rules on this have relaxed a lot...a negative test and many days asymptomatic after exposure and I would feel ok about it, but it's not a bad idea to wait the 14 days. I also know people that I think for sure had it that tested negative in the early days. (One of my coworkers was at Disney the last 3 days it was open then flew home, got sick with classic covid symptoms three or four days later...tested negative. Yeah, ok.) Negative test + asymptomatic I would still be ok with though, it's different if they have symptoms...
We had an asymptomatic patient that tested positive hours after coming through our clinic (ultrasound with 45 minute exam in very close contact, only protection is surgical mask and requiring patient to wear cloth masks/face covering.) We didn't find out for a week after the fact and they basically didn't have us do anything- no one quarantined, etc. and everyone was still working (with high risk ob patients).